Benefits Of Animal Testing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 875 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? The use of animals for medical research and testing is being subjected to heated debates due to the inability of different stakeholders to strike a balance between the benefits of using the animals and the pain that is subjected to the animals in various scientific medical research. There is indeed substantial evidence that the use of animals for medical research and testing has led to tremendous advancement in the discovery of hugely beneficial drugs and still plays a critical role in the understating of different human diseases. Additionally, the use of animal testing has also provided an accurate mechanism for validating the effects of various medical and pharmaceutical products on the human body system. Despite the vast benefits of using an animal for medical testing, intensive lobbying is being made by animal rights activists to have the animal research completely abolished because they firmly believe that the pain and cruelty that the experiment does to the animals is entirely unnecessary. This paper, therefore, tries to achieve a middle ground on this vital topic by highlighting some of the benefits of animal testing in medical research and at the same time point out the critical environmental implication of animal testing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefits Of Animal Testing" essay for you Create order Medical scientists generally would not prefer causing pain and injury to animals if at all the pain can be prevented. Most scientists concur that animals research and testing should be undertaken within a strict ethical framework which involves a detailed assessment of the potential effect to the animal before the testing ( Matthiensen et al. 2003). Animal testing and research remains very critical to the advancement of research in pharmaceutical and medical sector. This assertion was confirmed by the survey that was carried out by medical general practitioners 2006. In this survey, it was established that 96% of medical and pharmaceutical research experts believe that animal testing has significantly contributed to the research and discovery of drugs. The survey further affirms that 88% of medical doctors prefer pharmaceutical drugs to be tested on animals first before tried on human beings. This is to identify with high accuracy the potential effects of the pharmaceutical drugs before trying it on the human body( Gannon, 2007). Secondly, animal testing is significant in obtaining accurate medical research data that has been used to determine with the highest accuracy the potential effect of various drugs on the human body system. An expert survey by European for medical progress denoted that 84% of pharmaceutical and medical experts believes that use of animal testing has resulted into more accurate results which have led to the discovery of medicines that are potentially beneficial to the human being. Similar research by General practitioners also confirms that the use of animal research and testing improves the reliability and accuracy of medical research data (Gannon, 2007). Also, the use of animal research and testing has been confirmed to be very affordable and speeds up the medical research process. For example, the massive amount of investments that have been made by various pharmaceutical companies in discovering alternative methods of medical research and testing. The findings from these pharmaceutical companies have proven that alternative technologies that can suitably replace animal testing are costly and requires a lot of time for testing. Even in regulatory toxicology that is usually straightforward, the alternative technologies needed more than 20 tests to determine the potential risks and effects of new substances. Additionally, the introduction of alternative technologies requires validating and authentication by relevant organizations some of which are international accreditation institutions. The process of approving and certifying the non-animal techniques is always bureaucratic and not favorable to the dynamics within the medical research environment that at times requires a speedy process (Frame, 2005). Lastly, the use of animal testing can be justified in specific research by weighing out the potential benefits against the costs and effects of such medical research. This is especially true in scenarios where the risks of the new drugs to human beings outweighs the pain caused to animals to address the potential risks. Also, the use of animal testing and research can be justified when the new pharmaceutical drug is potentially impactful to human beings. For example, drugs used in the treatment of malaria and cancer that are currently prevalent in the world. In these cases, the use of animal testing is thus recommended since the benefits are much higher than the pain exposed to the animals. In conclusion, we as human beings have a responsibility to protect the animals since that is what defines us as humans. On the other hand, developing drugs to tackle certain diseases requires the use of animals for testing which makes specific animal testing experiments morally ethical. Based on these two extremes- the need to obtain accurate medical research data on certain drugs and the imperative duty of animal protection- we need to be pragmatic and strike a balance. Animal research and testing will only be justifiable if there is great precaution undertaken not to harm or expose the animals to unnecessary cruelty. Medical scientists therefore has responsibility of ensuring that any animal that they use for research should be protected. Additionally, further research on reduction and replacement technologies will reduce the use of animal for medical research and testing to only very necessary experiments where the use of animals is inevitable (Flint 2005).

Indefinite Pronouns of Spanish

Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing. The list below indicates which pronouns these are in both English and Spanish. In Spanish as in English, most of the words used as indefinite pronouns sometimes function as other parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as adverbs. In Spanish, some of the indefinite pronouns exist in both masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and plural forms, so they must agree with the nouns they refer to. Here are the indefinite pronouns of Spanish with examples of their use: alguien — someone, somebody, anyone, anybody — Necesito a alguien que pueda escribir. (I need someone who can write.)  ¿Me llamà ³ alguien? (Did anybody call me?) algo — something — Veo algo grande y blanco. (I see something big and white.)  ¿Aprendiste algo esta tarde? (Did you learn something this afternoon?) alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas — one, some (things or people) — Puedes suscribirte a alguno de nuestros servicios. (You can subscribe to one of our services.)  ¿Quieres alguno mà ¡s? (Do you want one more?) Voy a estudiar con algunas de las madres. (Im going to study with some of the mothers.) Algunos quieren salir. (Some want to leave.) cualquiera — anybody, anyone — Cualquiera puede tocar la guitarra. (Anyone can play the guitar.) — The plural form, cualesquiera, is seldom used. mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas — much, many — Me queda mucho por hacer. (I have much left to do.) La escuela tiene mucho que ofrecer. (The school has much to offer.) Somos muchos. (There are many of us. Literally, we are many.) nada — nothing — Nada me parece cierto. (Nothing seems certain to me.) No tengo nada. (I have nothing.) — Note that when nada follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form, making a double negative. nadie — nobody, no one — Nadie me cree. (Nobody believes me.) No conozco a nadie. (I know nobody.) — Note that when nadie follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form, making a double negative. ninguno, ninguna — none, nobody, no one — Ninguna de ellas va al parque. (None of them are going to the park.) No conozco a ninguno. (I know nobody. — Note that when ninguno follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form. Plural forms (ningunos and ningunas) exist but are seldom used. otro, otra, otros, otras — another, other one, another one, other ones, others — Quiero otro. (I want another one.) Los otros van al parque. (The others are going to the park.) — Un otro and una otra are not used for another one. Otros and the related pronouns can be combined with a definite article (el, la, los or las) as in the second example. poco, poca, pocos, pocas — little, little bit, few, a few — Tengo un poco de miedo. (I have a little bit of fear.) Pocos van al parque. (A few are going to the park.) todo, toda, todos, todas — everything, all, everyone — Èl comià ³ todo. (He ate everything.) Todos van al parque. (All are going to the park.) — In singular form, todo exists only in the neuter (todo). uno, una, unos, unas — one, some — Uno no puede creer sin hacer. (One cannot believe without doing.) Unos quieren ganar mà ¡s. (Some want to earn more.) Comà ­ uno y desechà © el otro. (I ate one and threw away the other.) — Uno and its variations are often used in conjunction with forms of otro, as in the third example. Although some different pronouns are translated the same into English, they arent necessarily interchangeable. Explaining some of the subtle differences in usage is beyond the scope of this lesson. In many cases, the pronouns can be translated in more than one way into English; you must rely on context in those cases to convey the meaning.

Discussion Boards Hsa 520 Free Essays

Has 505 The major online computer services such as Health Grades, America Online Inc. , and WebMD provide health news and medical and health forums where users can access medical libraries, exchange messages, and discuss health problems. In what ways might the growing use of these services by consumers affect future strategies for: Family practitioners? HMOs? Technology refers to the innovations or inventions from applied science and research. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion Boards Hsa 520 or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the book, adult use of the Internet as a health information source has increased dramatically. A lot of people use the Internet to find out different diseases and illness. From a family practitioner perspective use of the Internet could be a god thing. Most people find their health care providers from the Internet and also find out about health care issues. The Internet sites allow patients to gain knowledge about what is going on with their health and help solve questions they might have. Health care coverage through the use of an HMO costs less than comparable traditional health insurance, with a trade-off of limitations on the range of treatments available. HMO might view the internet site as an advantage because that’s where majority of people to research information and this could better help HMO reach out to the general population. They can get information from potential health care seekers based off the information they are providing on the sites, it could also help them use advertise strategies to put information out there to people. Internet sites have their advantages and their disadvantages but it seems there are more advantages than not. A primary care medical group has a list of patients who had once used the group on a regular basis as their primary source of care. However, in scanning their records, these patients had not been in for an appointment in the past two (2) years. The senior partner wants to send them an informational flyer about the practice and a refrigerator magnet that has the group’s telephone number and after-hours service number. As the marketing director for the practice, evaluate this approach in light of the HIPAA regulations. Is it acceptable to implement this marketing plan under the current regulations? Explain your answer. HIPPA is used to facilitate health insurance portability, protect patient security and privacy of information, and further reduce health care fraud and abuse. HIPPA requires all health care providers to have patient consent for access to their medical records or information. According to the book, data will need to be aggregated so that medical information cannot be attached to names and addresses of individual patients. Patient identifiable information cannot be use of marketing items. Under the current regulations there are some marketing strategies that can take place but it cannot have any patient information if it is not related to treatment or payment of their care. If the organization does not have the consent of the individuals to use their information that I don’t think that it would be acceptable. Has 520 Discuss the factors that should be considered when developing a consistent IM / IT strategy. Explain your rationale. Information systems should support the strategic goals, and objectives, and priorities of the organization they serve. The factors that should be considered when developing a consistent IM/IT strategy are: 1. Aligning IM/IT with organizational strategy: This is important because there is a need for interrelationships among IM/IT, the rest of the organization and the external environment. 2. Developing IM/IT infrastructure, architecture, and policies: This plan should identify the major types of information required to support strategic objectives and establish priorities for installation for computer applications. 3. Setting IM/IT project priorities, and overseeing investments: The organization needs to be aware of the investments and where their money is going and for what projects it is going to. They have to set boundaries and have set priorities. 4. Using IM/IT benefits assessment to enhance accountability: Accountability is very important to any organization. Knowing what they have and what they are missing is very vital. Analyze the various approaches to reviewing software and hardware standards and make at least three recommendations for improvement. Provide specific examples to support your response. Three recommendations for the various approaches to reviewing software and hardware standards are: 1. Data compatibility-use of common codes and data definitions for electronic information exchange across an organization. Its important that any organization make sure the soft ware and hardware is compatible to the systems they are trying to use. 2. Central review ensures that hardware and software will ne of a type that can receive technical support and maintenance from the information system staff. . Central review can help prevent illegal use of unlicensed software within the organization. Integration discusses the advantages and disadvantages of end-user computing and determines if this is an application that should be progressively pursued. Explain your rationale. End-user computing offers the potential to expand the base of IM/IT development and overcome issues that arise when a low priority is assigned to certain applications that are nevertheless viewed as important to units within the organization. Some of the advantages of end user computing are overcoming shortages of professionals, establishment of user friendly and responsive systems, and overcoming implementation problems. Some other advantages are the systems tailored to users, enables creative use of IS, generates competitive advantage, overcomes backlog by providing systems that IS could not get round to doing, puts users nearer the information, allows for variety, Increases user awareness of IS, and Relieves work load of IT professional. The disadvantages are that they produce inappropriate systems, causes duplication, takes users away from their real job, ignores long range and technical issues, courts disaster due to lack of attention to procedures, and causes integration problems. From the e-Activity, discuss what additional challenges exist with systems integration between / among health care organizations and possible solutions to those challenges. How to cite Discussion Boards Hsa 520, Papers

Offshore Outsourcing free essay sample

Aztec Software has an offshore development enter in Bangor, India, that develops the new integration product, Embarcadero DOT/Studio. The entire product lifestyle -? from development to maintenance takes place in India. Aztec work on the DOT/Studio tool helped Embarcadero to quickly establish a competitive market position for this particular product. There are many definitions of offspring as outlined below, but most accept that it generally refers to the process of an organization replacing services obtained from domestic providers with imported services (Greene 2006; Backchat et al. 004). Offspring refers to the acquisition of intermediate inputs by companies (or governments) from locations outside the consumer country. It is the crossing of international borders that distinguishes it from outsourcing in general (Kirkland, p. 4 2005). Offshore outsourcing can have far-reaching implications beyond those associated with onshore outsourcing.Various authors have made the assumption that the countries that send work offshore are primarily developed nations (Interrogator, 2001; Spray, Maydays Verdi, 2006; Raja 2004, Kodiak Lair, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Offshore Outsourcing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most definitions assume that offspring is directed to developing countries in the interest of saving costs; it was possible o shift the actual production location of services to lowest countries in a manner theoretically transparent to end-users (Kirkland, 2005 ; Corroboratory Remington, 2005). 1 The World Trade Organization (WTFO) in its General Agreement on Trade in Services used the following parameters to define offshore outsourcing (Corroboratory Remington, 2005): Despoilers and buyers remain in their respective locations; Dmoving the service recipient to the location of the service provider; [Noncommercial presence of service provider in a foreign country; and C]temporary migration -? seller moves to the location of the service buyer.All definitions are compelling but for the purpose of this thesis, the previously stated definition of offshore outsourcing as the delegation of administration, engineering, vendor in a lower-cost location will be used (Robinson Oklahoma 2004). The WTFO parameters will also be respected as they expand upon that definition. 2. 3 History of IT outsourcing The history of IT outsourcing is part of IT in that the early time-share systems were a form of outsourcing. Sass sass 1 9805 sass 20005 20105 Hardware Software Standardization Total Solution Time Sharing Facilities Management Infrastructure Client Server Application OutsourcingProcess Offspring Rationalization Layering Best of Breed Technical Models Utilized Trends Figure 2. 1: Technical Models and Trends Figure 2. 1 gives an indication of the timeline for technical models and trends by combining charts and information (Hillocks Fenny, 2006; Zoning et al. , 2006% Wagner et al. , 2006; Lee et al. , 2003; AAA, 2007 and AAA, 2007). In the early 1 sass software programming was first moved offshore as software production was easily movable, since it seldom needed to be committed to a physical medium (Dossals Kenney, 2004).However, offshore outsourcing as a trend didnt begin until relatively recently. Since Sodas initial decision to outsource the bulk of 12 their IT functions in October 1989, they have outsourced the bulk of their data centre operations to IBM in an initial IIS$250 million deal that was originally scheduled to run for a 10-year span (Lacily Hillocks, 2000; Dibbers, et al. 2004; Patton, 2005). It was a momentous occasion for Kodak and dozens of other large companies would soon follow the film giants lead. Sodas deal set the stage for massive outsourcing negotiations with vendors such as IBM and DES, and brought about a basic change in the way corporate America approached IT. Suddenly Coos were paying more attention to core competencies, cost saving and strategic partnerships with their IT vendors. Service quality was also an important factor (EBBS, 2006; Patton, 2005). Because of the success of the Eastman Kodak outsourcing agreement of 1989, multi-sourcing has become an integral part of the IT industry.General Electric (GE) was a business leader in the offshore outsourcing arena. In the early sass Jack Welch, then CEO of GE, introduced a new rule that governed Gees offshore actions called the 70:70:70 rule (EBBS, 2006). In an e- mail to GE employees, Welch mandated that 70% of Gees IT work would be outsourced. Out of this, 70% of that work would be completed from offshore development centers and from that, about 70% would be sent to India. This has resulted in a total of about 30% of Gees work being outsourced to India (Scope, 2009; Spray et al. 2006). Currently, offshore outsourcing to India receives the most press but other countries such as Poland, Ireland (sometimes referred to as the Celtic Tiger) and Israel are just as prominent. Emerging countries such as China, the Philippines, Russia, Mexico and South Africa should also be included in any discussion about major offshore outsourcing venues. The strong growth in IT outsourcing can be attributed to the tight US labor market caused by the dot. Com boom and the year 2000 problem (Y K) (Friedman, 2005; Hillocks, Fenny, 2006). In Australia, national organizations such as National Australia Bank (NAB) and Tellers continue to outsource to offshore IT groups (Dibbers et al. , 2004). BP- Billion and Shell Australia have transferred data centers and IT support to Malaysia and Singapore from Melbourne (Bogota, 2005). In the late 1 9905 and early 20005 outsourcing maintained a growth rate of 20% per year, although recent figures indicate that it appears to be slowing. In 2005, the total contract value of such mega-deals was just under ISSUES billion -? the lowest such 13 total since 1996.HTTP predicts that the first absolute decline in commercial IT outsourcing revenue could occur between 2006 and 2007 (Gibson, 2006). Some authors argue that this was due to more focused outsourcing deals i. E. Multi-sourcing and tighter IT budgets which may have lessened the prevalence of long-term mega deals. Wagner et al. , (2006) highlighted best of breed in their study and linked it to ERP systems that are responsible for the current trend of layering in which existing ERP systems that replaced best of breed as part of the rationalization are being enhanced with specializes systems.In interviews conducted at Tellers, a new terminology of layering was used to describe current systems (Herbert Murderer, 2001; AAA, 2007; AAA 2, 2007; Pair Cinematographic, 2005; Peppier, 1999). A typical example is NAB, which uses SAP as core ERP but layers specialist systems such as Bank Analyses on top of ERP/SAP. Although not following a best of breed concept in special circumstances, this methodology does leave room for exceptions in strategic requirements. Table 2. Gives a timeline for relevant outsourcing literature.TimeLine for Outsourcing Literature Related Articles 1776: Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, formulates a theory of competitive advantage, expounding the notion of outsourcing as a way to cut costs by hiring cheaper labor in less developed countries. (Smith, 1776) 1963: Electronic Data Systems signs an agreement with Blue Cross of Pennsylvania to handle its topdressing services the first time that a large corporation has turned over its entire topdressing department to a third party. (Electronic Data Systems, 2008) ass and ass: Cost reduction pressure and need for deter communications. Lacily, Hillocks Fenny, 1995; Costa Beaumont, 2001 1989: Total outsourcing of Sodas IT function with the anticipation of about 50% savings in cost. (Hierarchies Lacily, 1996; Kelly, 2004; Lee, 2000) Cost containment as well as reduction and the need to hire IS professionals are proposed as the reasons behind outsourcing. (Cobol Apt, 1995) Improved cost predictability focus on strategic use of IS, resulting in Transaction Cost Theory (TACT) being proposed as a measure of outsourcing. (Williamson, 1979) General framework Of procurement strategies for IS development. (Sardine Pepslnine, 1994) .NET 8 T PI is a sourcing advisory company; refer: wan. . Tip. Net 14 TimeLine for Outsourcing literature Related Articles Contingency framework for analyzing economically efficient relationships after the outsourcing decision. (Sleeper, 1993) Transaction Cost Theory (TACT) is disproved and fails to explain outsourcing experience and contradiction Of TACT. TACT is fraught with imprecise constructs that are difficult in operational. (Lacily Hillocks, 1995; Auber Weber, 2001) Risks and benefits of outsourcing lost in rhetoric (Backchat, Panegyric Cravings, 2004; Meyer, 1994) Loss of control over the quality of the software.Fox, 1 994) Reduced flexibility and loss of strategic alignment are linked as drawbacks of outsourcing. (walker, 1985) Analysis of pitfalls and potential risks of outsourcing gives guidelines for successful contracts, costs of negotiating, monitoring outsourcing contracts and cost of incurring. (Dibbers et al. , 2004 Lacily Hierarchies, 1995) Conduct in-depth interviews with firms and executives in order to understand the forces that drive outsourcing decisions and how these decisions are made. Clark, smug McCrae, 1995) Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing based on 11 risks. Earl, 1996) Observation that major driver for outsourcing is disparity in the salary levels between developed and Third World countries. (Apt Mason, 1 995) Studies find that some strategic applications are not (and are unlikely to be) outsourced to foreign countries in the future due to issues of communication and coordination, potential violation of intellectual property rights, concerns on unclear government rules, cross-border twofold and trade in service. Paten Jurists, 1 994) Hidden cos t of outsourcing from users perception. (Birthlimy, 2001 ) Literature identifies service quality (SURVIVAL) as n important instrument used to measure the service actually experienced by customer due to outsourcing. (Wrigley, Dry Farmhand, 1997) Changes in reasons for outsourcing: L]Delivered quality of service; C]Decades to new technology; C]Divisible and responsive systems; C]Defocus on business competencies; and C]Teleprompter in cash flow. AAA-Grim, 2003; Kebabs Kebabs, 2003) 15 Attempts to provide a complete guide to the complex issue of outsourcing and strategies: C]Dont Outsource Core Competencies; and ADSTAR Small. (Your, 2005) Globalization seen as a part of the world economy tit both positive and negative aspects. For positive aspects see (Robinson Oklahoma, 2004; Patterson, 2006; Underwater, 2005) and negative aspects (Trucker, 1997; Greene, 2006; Interrogator, 2001 Examines how counties provide and implement IT outsourcing services e. G. China. Drivers and obstacles of outsourcing practices in China. (Luau Ghana, 2006) Table 2. 1: Timeline of Major Outsourcing Literature Most of the current literature is based on the American offshore outsourcing experience, with the remaining literature primarily concerned with European experiences in this field. 2. 3. 1 ERP offshore outsourcing Fortune 500 companies have implemented ERP systems such as SAP, Peoples and Oracle (Snyder Basel, 2010). ERP systems were originally embraced because they promised the power of enterprise-wide, international coordination and integration. ERP technology has moved from mainframe-based, batched operations to the clerestories architecture and Internet-enabled, real-time operations (Lenders, 2000). Currently, Accentuate, IBM and Price Waterholes Coopers dominate the field of ERP systems implementation consultancy. ERP are a rapidly growing segment of the IT market. In 1996 ERP IT outsourcing was estimated at around LOSSES billion Ross (Thralldom Guarani, 1998), while in 2008 Gardener estimated that the world outsourcing market for IT services had grown to IIS$748 billion in 2007 (Gardner, 2008; Richter, 2008).Studies have indicated that for every dollar spent on ERP systems such as SAP, an expense of $10 in consultancy can be expected (Perez, Went Mathematician, 2004). As defined by Pair Cinematographic (2005), ERP functional development and deployment have been classified into four main areas, namely: ICC]markets; 9 Gardner is a major IT research company; refer www. Gardner. Com 16 Kicked operations; C]Administrators; and Addressers. This standardization in corporate systems has also allowed standardization in processes, procedures and support.This then brings into question the need for internal business IT support for generic processes and development, as individual resources are better able to focus on value adding (MacDonald, 1996). 2. 32 IT organization workings Organizations are becoming increasingly complex with multiple business units and various IT departments, both internal and external, combined in strategic partnerships. One of the problems for management is achieving a reduction of internal and external boundaries so that diverse groups can ark with better coordination.There are several ways in which an outsourced IT group can work with users to reduce the us versus them boundary. Authors such as Gaffe Ridings (2003) suggest reduction of the inter-group boundaries in order to increase the perception of responsiveness and thus increase their acceptance of the IT work by creating shared goals, user education and joint work activity. In a typical Australian IT project, touch points, direct and indirect lines of communications exist between: Itinerant business unit users; Collaborate business units; L]The head office;C]The IT department for application and hardware support; specialized project teams; Elderliness; and C]Outsourcing partners. These various teams are split into a multitude of roles that include business experts and analysts, developers, managers, functional experts and testers. In essence this means that outsourcing adds another dimension to a complex situation. 17 The lines of communication are complex, in that service chains within a corporations structure and with outside customers and vendors are all interlinked in one way or another as demonst rated in Figure 2. . Customers Business Units Units Outsourcer Hardware Us port Vendors Vendor IT Department Support Project Teams Outsourcer Developers Corporate Figure 2. 2: Typical Touch Points in an IT Organization 2. 3. 3 Trends in IT The current trend is for organizations to view IT as a commodity that can either be managed with alliances or outsourced. An increased reliance on software giants such as Oracle or SAP to provide end-to-end solutions and the move away from best of breed has been replaced by a layering concept.For example, at Tellers the major Human Resources systems are provided on the primary SAP ERR system (with Organization Structure as the source of truth) UT they utilities specializes systems, each from different vendors, as layers to meet specified requirements such as training, portals and wages comparison (AAA 2007; Nordic 2006). This results in different outsourcing contracts with hardware vendors, system vendors and applications support. A hierarchy of support is employed from low-level (i. E. Alp desk) to high-level vendor support for strategic and complex problems. The result is a combination of a vertical, horizontal and matrix organization of relationships and partnerships. The role of the internal IT department has changed from one of a service reviver with skills in systems development to one of facilitating a partnering model that provides the social glue to hold diverse systems and support together (AAA 2006; 18 Based on the research of Zoning et al. (2006), Wagner et al. , (2006) Lee et al. 2003) AAA (2007), AAA (2007) and the researchers experience, Figure 2. I was constructed to give the timeline of IT trends in relationship to the technical models in use. The change towards layering has resulted in software giants buying out smaller specialist software providers whose products they then add or layer onto existing products (Ellis, 2007; Snyder Basel, 2010). A software companys assets are all inside peoples heads ((Poisons, 2007).. Examples of this are Peoples buying J. D.Edwards, then Oracle purchasing both Peoples and Hyperfine and attempting to integrate them. The combining of Oracle Financial, Hyperfine, Business Object, Peoples and J. D. Edwards allows the combined entities to compete with ERP market leader SAP, which in turn has purchased Business Objects in the late sass (Philips, 2007; Wailing, 2007). 2. 4 IT outsourcing: success or failure Authors such as Interrogator (2001) argue that globalization and the free trade yester have been the catalysts that have helped to make offshore outsourcing the success that it is today.Outsourcing has been the result of the global agreement on ideology, with a convergence of beliefs in the value of a market economy, trade liberations and a movement toward a borderless world (Raja, 2004). It can be argued that the emergence of off- the-shelf software such as SAP for corporate usage has helped develop a system for standardizing software applications, making the landscape suddenly more conducive to IT outsourcing (Levine Ross, 2003). The drivers of outsourcing can be summarized as in Table 2. Drivers of Outsourcing Identified by Improved productivity (Thralldom Guarani, 1998) Centralized IT delivery model (Currie Celestial, 2001) Flexibility in staffing levels( Aloof, 1996) Increase in cost-efficient foreign competition (Corroboratory Remington, 2005) Focus on core business (Delbert Inhere, 2006 in pervade, 2001) Organization structure (Your, 2005) IT sourcing partnerships (Welch 1999; Ye, 2005) Competitive advantage (Delbert Inhere, 2006) World Best Practice (Barr, 2005) 19 Table 2. : Drivers of Outsourcing Authors such as Catchalls Soil-Sthere (2005) have attempted to rank ritual success factors and link them to the management theory used in managing the outsourcing relationship. These are outlined in Table 2. 3.Rank Critical success factors Theory 1 Core competency management Theory of core competencies 2 Stakeholder management Stakeholder theory 3 Production cost reduction Neoclassical economic theory 4 Social exchange exploitation Social exchange theory 5 Transaction cost reduction Transaction cost theory 6 Vendor resource exploitation Resource-based theory 7 Contract completeness Contractual theory 8 Relationship exploitation Relational exchange theory 9 Vendor behavior control Agency theory 0 Demarcation of labor Theory of firm boundaries 11 Alliance exploitation Partnership and alliance theory Table 2. : Ranking of Critical Success Factors in IT Outsourcing Relationships 2. 41 Considerations in the outsourcing process The decision to outsource IT is a variant of the classic make/buy decision an organization can invest in the non-core activity of supporting IT infrastructure, or they can contract out (Lealer, 2006; Fine Whitney, 1999).The considerations and factors relating to outsourcing are many and varied but may be based on skill requirements, privacy of information, quality and tragic direction of organizations. Factors such as the quality of service rather than labor arbitrage, is emerging in European countries as a factor in the outsourcing decision (Kodiak Musketeer, 2008).

Absence of security awareness in the Bangladesh Army Essays

Absence of security awareness in the Bangladesh Army Essays Absence of security awareness in the Bangladesh Army Essay Absence of security awareness in the Bangladesh Army Essay ABSENCE OF SECURITY AWARENESS AMONG THE SOLDIERS OF BANGLADESH ARMY- A MAJOR Menace TO THE ORGANIZATION Chapter I – INTRODUCTION (RESEARCH PROPOSAL AND DESIGN ) Problem Statement 1.â€Å"Security is the status achieved when designated information, stuff, forces, activities and installings are protected against espionage, sabotage, corruption and terrorist act, every bit good as against loss or unauthorised revelation. The term is besides applied to those steps necessary to accomplish this status and to the organisations responsible for those measures† ( Joint Services Glossary of Operational Footings, p. S-4 ) . â€Å"Individual security consciousness is the cognition and attitude of the members of an organisation about the precaution of physical, material and information assets of that organisation. Awareness sing the hazards and available precautions is the first line of defense mechanism for the security of forces, information and stuff. The focal point of security consciousness should be to accomplish a long term displacement in the attitude of the members of the organisation towards security, whilst advancing a cultural and behavioral alteration within an organization† ( Wikipedia, n.d ) . 2.The inordinate usage of cell phones, posting sensitive images on the Facebook, go forthing official paperss unattended by the soldiers etc. have become a regular phenomenon. It is go oning as a usual affair. Thereby, military forces are jeopardizing themselves every bit good as the organisation is besides being affected. Many soldiers are transgressing security unwittingly due to miss of equal cognition on security. The existent fact is that, they truly do non believe that it can impact their personal every bit good as organisational security. An organisation can merely be protected when its forces are good protected and witting about their personal security. Therefore, single security consciousness plays a critical function to guarantee overall organisational security.This paper will critically analyze whether absence of security consciousness among soldiers a major menace to Bangladesh Army or non. 3.The issue at manus is a complicated and intangible component. While it is perceived that absence of single security consciousness of the soldiers impacting the overall security of the organisation, the other factors are besides perchance knotted together in changing degree straight or indirectly. Research Questions 4.To reference the job statement, replies of the undermentioned inquiries will be pursued in this research:  ­ a.Primary Question.How the absence of security consciousness among soldiers of Bangladesh Army is impacting the security of the organisation? B.Secondary Questions.In order to reply the primary inquiry, the undermentioned secondary inquiries need to be answered: ( 1 ) What is the present province of security consciousness among soldiers of Bangladesh Army? ( 2 ) How the absence of security consciousness of the soldiers going a major menace to the organisation? ( 3 ) How to heighten the security consciousness among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army? Research Objective 5.Bangladesh Army as an organisation subjected to figure of external and internal menaces. Absence of security consciousness is one of them which can impact the overall security of the organisation to a great extent. Therefore, aim of the research is to happen out whether the absence of security consciousness among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army is a major menace to the organisation or non. Purpose of the Research 6.The intent of the research is to measure the present province of security consciousness among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army. This research will besides happen out the effects of absence of single security consciousness of the soldiers on the organisation, if it has any so to happen a manner out to extenuate those. Significance of the Research 7.In the present yearss, it is of great concern that the soldiers of Bangladesh Army are missing single security consciousness. In the recent yesteryear there were many incidents like espionage, loss/theft of stuff, excess matrimonial personal businesss, route accident, drug trafficking, corrupting etc. took topographic point in about all the fort of Bangladesh Army. The figure is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, which finally affects the overall security of Bangladesh Army as an organisation. In this respect, no paper has been developed to happen out the affects and effects on the overall security of the organisation caused due to miss of security consciousness of the soldiers. It is traveling to unleash the country that single security consciousness can greatly act upon the overall security of the organisation. So, research on this affair would give a new position of understanding the prevailing jobs. Restrictions and Premises 8.Following restrictions were identified and premises are considered while carry oning the research: a.The subject is related to absence of security consciousness among soldiers of Bangladesh Army, as such, the research sphere is confined within the soldiers of Bangladesh Army. b.Most of the informations required for the research were confidential or secret paperss for ground forces. Therefore, sing the security jeopardy, all the required informations were non provided by the different security bureaus and subdivisions of AHQ. c.It was assumed that basic operation of all the units of Bangladesh Army is similar. The samples are collected largely from Dhaka and Mirpur camp presuming these units as the chief watercourse of Bangladesh Army. d.It was hard to acquire the true contemplation of ideas by the soldiers because of their rigidness. e.It is assumed that the samples used in the research represent the population of Bangladesh Army at an acceptable significance and the respondents have answered the study inquiries truthfully. f.The study was conducted among the soldiers, JCOs, NCOs and officers at assorted degrees from different weaponries and services. Though the figure of participants in study was less, but the consequence was assumed to be a right contemplation of the members of Bangladesh Army. g.Time and chance was non plenty to travel for a realistic land study among all the formations countrywide. Hence, the research is based on limited land study and content analysis. Review of Literatures 9.List of Literatures Consulted. a.A Survey of IT Professionals ( 2012, January ) ,The Impact of Mobile Devices on Information Security. b.Australian National Audit Office, Audit Report No. 25 ( 2009-10 ) ,Security Awareness and preparation. c.The Global Conference for Wikimedia onSecurity Awareness( 2014, August6-10 ) , London ) . d.Major Md Ferdous Iqbal ( 2012 ) , A research conducted onPsychological Approach Towards Enhancing Professionalism Among the Soldiers of Bangladesh Army,Mirpur. e.Major Md Humayun Kabir ( 2010 ) , A research conducted onAn Insight into the Military Valuess of Bangladesh Army,Mirpur. f.Robert Mcpherson and Bennett Pafford ( 1999 ) ,Safety and Security Handbook,CARE International. g.Squadron Leader Md Obaidulla ( 2004 ) , A research conducted onInformation security System of Bangladesh and in the Context of Information Warfare,Mirpur. 10.Findingss of the Literature Review.The research worker has studied a few related books, articles and a good figure of research documents on organisational and national security facet. The important 1s are highlighted below: a.A Survey of IT Professionals (2012 ) highlighted in their cardinal findings that security hazards are on the rise because of nomadic devices. It besides mentioned that deficiency of employee consciousness has greatest impact on security of nomadic informations. B.Australian National Audit Office( 2009-10 ) in their audit study mentioned that security incidents can supply valuable penetrations into an organization’s security environment, including the degree of security consciousness. Common types of security incidents like loss of personal or official resources, unauthorised entree to an organization’s premises, wrong storage of security classified information, via media of entree control etc. may be the declarative of security consciousness issues. It is besides mentioned that defects in security consciousness and preparation can sabotage the operation of the controls and patterns put in topographic point to pull off exposures to security hazards. degree Celsiuss.The Global Conference for Wikimedia on Security Awarenessheld at London has mentioned security consciousness is the cognition and attitude members of an organisation possess sing the protection of the physical and specially information assets of that organisation. Many organisations require formal security consciousness preparation for all workers when they join the organisation and sporadically thenceforth, normally yearly. vitamin D.Major Md Ferdous Iqbal( 2012 ) in his research discussed about the psychological motive of the soldiers needs to be addressed with immediate precedence for the sweetening of professionalism among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army. He besides mentioned about development of sense of duty among the JCOs / NCOs need particular attending by the appropriate authorization. vitamin E.Major Md Humayun Kabir( 2010 ) highlighted that the psychological conditioning is indispensable to insulate the members of armed forces from being infected with societal desires and outlooks which are incompatible with military life. Hence pre-cautionary steps and counterpoisons are necessary to countervail the effects of inauspicious societal influences. degree Fahrenheit.Robert Mcpherson and Bennett Pafford( 1999 ) in the Safety and Security Handbook for CARE International’s staff mentioned that each member of an organisation has a responsibility to turn to issues of safety and security proactively and flexibly at all clip. g.Squadron Leader Md Obaidulla( 2004 ) in his research paper mentioned that information in warfare should be recognized as a military and national plus. The undertaking of puting up a well-conceived construction for contending a high-tech war demands to be handled professionally. 11.Areas for Further Research.There are figure of books, booklets, literatures have published and a good figure of researches have been carried out on organisational and national security facet. So far no research has been carried out on absence of security consciousness among soldiers of Bangladesh Army which in fact is impacting the overall security of the organisation to a great extent. In the 21stcentury as a member of Bangladesh Army a soldier must be cognizant of single security in order to guarantee personal every bit good as organisational security. In visible radiation of above in this research an enterprise will be made to measure the present province of security consciousness among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army with a position to happen a manner out to guarantee overall security of the organisation. Research Hypothesis 12.There is a common perceptual experience predominating among most of the officers that soldiers of Bangladesh Army are missing in security consciousness facet which in fact presenting a security menace to the organisation. There could be figure of causes lending to the organisational security. Among those causes, absence of security consciousness is one of the of import and important 1. Therefore, the hypothesis of this paper isAbsence of security consciousness among the soldiersof Bangladesh Army is a major menace to the organisation. Research Design and Methodology 13.Conceptual Framework.The hypothesis is based upon a job statement mentioned antecedently. The sensed job is conceptualized by the research worker in the conceptual model given atAnnex A. 14.Research Type.This is a causal and primary research on which no effort was taken antecedently to carry on any survey. Therefore, the demand of a thorough survey was extremely felt to place the causes and effects of absence of security consciousness among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army on the organisational security and thereby happening possible steps to cut down their effects. 15.Research Variables. a.Case.Soldiers of Bangladesh Army. B.Independent Variable.Absence of security consciousness among soldiers. Security consciousness means holding knowledge on security issues. Absence means the province of being off ; absence of head. Therefore, absence of security consciousness implies the absence of head sing security issues. degree Celsiuss.Dependent Variable.A major menace to the organisation. â€Å"Threat means hazard, indicant of a possible threat. Negative event that can do a hazard to go a loss, expressed as an sum of hazard, effects of hazard, and the likeliness of the happening of the event. A menace may be a natural phenomenon such as temblor, inundation or a semisynthetic incident such as fire, sabotage etc.† ( BusinessDictionary.com ) .Each organisation is cognizant of the importance of security. Therefore, it is of import to acknowledge that forces, stuff and information are the assets that require top security against possible menace. Data Collection Method 17.The research worker utilised assorted methods of informations aggregation to finish the research, as both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. The inside informations of informations aggregation methods are given atAnnex B. Survey included questionnaire study and drumhead and inside informations of which are given atAnnex C( including informations processing ) andAnnex Dseverally. Interview methods including sum-up is given atAnnex E. Summary of FGDs are appended atAnnex F. Detailss of few instance surveies are included atAnnex G. For the study, bunch trying on the random choice footing was done. Outline of the Paper 18.This paper will hold the undermentioned chapters: a.Chapter–I.This chapter contains Research job, Research inquiries, Literature reappraisal and findings, Purpose and significance of research, Hypothesis and variables of research, Data aggregation method. B.Chapter–II.In this chapter the chief focal point is to measure the present province of security consciousness among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army. The findings of the informations on the research subject are included here. degree Celsiuss.Chapter–III.In this chapter a really critical and in-depth survey has been carried out to measure how the absence of security consciousness of the soldiers affects the overall security and becomes a major menace to the organisation. It will besides foreground the causes of absence of security consciousness among the soldiers. vitamin D.Chapter-IV.In this chapter few steps is highlighted to heighten the security consciousness among the soldiers of Bangladesh Army. vitamin E.Chapter-V.It contains the sum-up of major findings of the research. Finally establishing on the findings, a few recommendations will be made to get the better of the grey countries.

Emperors of Chinas Han Dynasty B.C. 202 to 220 A.D.

Emperors of China's Han Dynasty B.C. 202 to 220 A.D. The Han Dynasty ruled China after the fall of the first imperial dynasty, the Qin in 206 B.C. The Han Dynastys founder, Liu Bang, was a commoner who lead a rebellion against the son of Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of unified China whose political career was short-lived and full of contempt from his peers. For the next 400 years, civil unrest and war, internal familial conflicts, sudden deaths, mutinies, and natural succession would determine the rules that would lead the dynasty to great economic and military success over their long reign. However, Liu Xis ended the long reign of the Han Dynasty, giving way to the Three Kingdoms period of 220 to 280 A.D. Still, while it maintained power the Han Dynasty was hailed as a Golden Age in Chinese history - one of the finest of Chinese dynasties - leading to a long legacy of the Han people, who still comprise the majority of Chinese ethnicities reported today.   The First Han Emporers In the final days of the Qin, Liu Bang, a rebel leader against Qin Shi Huangdi beat his rival rebellion leader Xiang Yu in battle, resulting in his hegemon over the 18 kingdoms of imperial China that had pledged allegiance to each of the  combatants. Changan was chosen as the capital and Liu Bang, posthumously known as Han Gaozu, ruled until his death in 195 B.C. The rule passed to Bangs relative Liu Ying until he died a few years later in 188, passing in turn to Liu Gong (Han Shaodi) and quickly onto Liu Hong (Han Shaodi Hong). In 180, when Emporer Wendi took the throne, he declared that Chinas border should remain closed to maintain its growing power. Civic unrest resulted in the next emperor Han Wudi overturning that decision in 136 B.C., but a failed attack on the southern neighbor Xiongu  realm resulted in a several-year campaign to attempt to overthrow their biggest threat. Han Jingdi (157-141) and Han Wudi (141-87) continued this plight, taking over villages and converting them to agricultural centers and strongholds south of the border, eventually forcing the Xiongu out of the realm across the Gobi Desert. After Wudis reign, under the leadership of Han Zhaodi (87-74) and Han Xuandi (74-49), the Han forces continued to dominate the Xiongu, pushing them further west and claiming their land as a result. Turn of the Millenium During the reign of Han Yuandi (49-33), Han Chengdi (33-7), and Han Aidi (7-1 B.C.), Weng Zhengjun became the first Empress of China as a result of her male kin - though younger - taking the title of regent during her supposed reign. It wasnt until her nephew took the crown as Emporer Pingdi from 1 B.C. to A.D. 6 that she advocated her rule. Han Ruzi was appointed as emperor after Pingdis death in A.D. 6, however, due to the childs young age, he was appointed under the care of Wang Mang, who promised to relinquish control once Ruzi came of age to rule. This was not the case, instead and despite much civil protest, he established the Xin Dynasty after declaring his title was a Mandate of Heaven. In 3 A.D. and again in 11 A.D., a massive flood struck Wangs Xin armies along the Yellow River, decimating his troops. Displaced villagers joined rebel groups who revolted against Wang, resulting in his ultimate downfall in 23 wherein Geng Shidi (The Gengshi Emporer) tried to restore the Han power from 23 to 25 but was overtaken and killed by the same rebel group, the Red Eyebrow. His brother, Liu Xiu - later Guang Wudi - ascended the throne and was able to fully restore the Han Dynasty throughout the course of his reign from 25 to 57. Within two years, he had moved the capital to Luoyang and forced the Red Eyebrow to surrender and cease its rebellion. Over the next 10 years, he fought to extinguish other rebel warlords claiming the title of Emporer. The Last Han Century The reigns of Han Mingdi (57-75), Han Zhangdi (75-88), and Han Hedi (88-106) were rife with small battles between long-time rival nations hoping to claim India to the south and the Altai Mountains  to the north. Political and social turmoil haunted the rulership of Han Shangdi and his successor Han Andi died paranoid of eunuchs plots against him, leaving his wife to appoint their son the Marquess of Beixiang to the throne in 125 in hopes of maintaining their family lineage. However, those same eunuchs that his father feared ultimately led to his demise and Han Shundi was appointed the emperor that same year as Emporer Shun of Han, restoring the Han name to the dynastys leadership. Students of the University started a protest against Shundis eunuch court. These protests failed, resulting in Shundi being overthrown by his own court and the quick succession of Han Chongdi (144-145), Han Zhidi (145-146) and Han Huandi (146-168), who each tried to fight against their eunuch adversaries to no avail. It wasnt until Han Lingdi ascended the thrown in 168 that the Han Dynasty was truly on its way out. Emperor Ling spent most of his time roleplaying with his concubines instead of governing, leaving control of the dynasty to eunuchs Zhao Zhong and Zhang Rang. Downfall of a Dynasty The final two emperors, brothers Shaodi  - the Prince of Hongnong - and Emperor Xian (formerly Liu Xie) led lives on the run from mutinous eunuch counsels. Shaodi only ruled one year in 189 before being asked to relinquish his throne to Emperor Xian, who ruled throughout the remainder of the Dynasty. In 196, Xian moved the capital to Xuchang at the behest of Cao Cao - the Yan Province governor - and a civil dispute broke out between three warring kingdoms vying for control over the young emperor. In the south Sun Quan ruled, while Liu Bei dominated western China and Cao Cao took over the north. When Cao Cao died in 220 and his son Cao Pi forced Xian to relinquish the title of emperor to him. This new emperor, Wen of Wei, officially abolished the Han Dynasty and its familys inheritance to rulership over China. With no army, no family, and no heirs, the former Emporer Xian died of old age and left China to a three-sided conflict between Cao Wei, Eastern Wu and Shu Han, a period known as the Three Kingdoms period.

Business Model Generation Canvas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Model Generation Canvas - Essay Example so taking the utmost care to see to it that there is absolute visualization of the business model so created and the templates of the business model has got nine templates that fits very well for the better understanding and the due contribution from each of the participant. This type of Business model canvas can very well be formatted in a very large way depending on the number of participants and so even a very large number of the business participants can very well participate together and jointly contribute together towards the success of the business model canvas. Most of the people who participate in this joint exercise can very well contribute their own ideas and sketch down whatever they feel towards turning the business concern towards the success. Thus this Business Model Generation Canvas is a very powerful tools that can very well force business people to really undergo the process of first understand the problems of the business and then start the discussion process and finally create very useful and readily applicable ideas that can very well be applied to real time business problems. Thus as a final step it helps in the analysis of the business problems and gathers the ideas and the views of the different people participating in the business discussion. This kind of business canvas will very well help the business establishments in reaching and also setting new goals for the organization. This kind of model really challenges the business people to really think about the ways by which they can develop new and innovative business ideas which can very well satisfy the business goals of an organization that would very well satisfy and serve the business interests of its creators. This kind of business canvas is very well suited for any type of business organization be it a large or a small organization and this very well enhances the business capability of the organizations under consideration thus becoming a very important tool that could very well